Bullying Victimization And Its Effects - 1469 Words

INTRODUCTION The definition of bullying victimization is most often attributed to Daniel Olweus; who defined bullying victimization as an act in which a person is exposed to negative actions that are intended to inflict physical, mental or emotional distress (Olweus, 1994). One of the most significant consequences of bullying victimization is the observation that it occurs most often in repeated cycles that can affect the long-term emotional stability of the victim (Nansel, Overpeck, Haynie, Ruan, Scheidt, 2003 ). Studies indicate that bullying victimization experiences often leave victims prone to defiant or delinquent behaviors, poor school performance, and anger or aggression problems (Nadel, Spellman., Alvarez-Canino, Lausell-Bryant,†¦show more content†¦Recognizing the complex variables, researchers have modified existing psychological inventory tools such as the Rutter scales and the Child Depression Inventory, to better measure and assess the long-term victim outcomes (Vaillancou rt, Hymel, McDougall, 2003). One area of increasing concern among researchers is the inadequacy of the survey tools that may be impeding our understanding of the scope of the victimization, most prior research efforts have relied on survey based models that were either self-reported or provided by educators or parents, this may have diminished the sample quality and reduced the validity of the measurements (Hawker Boulton, 2000). Acknowledging that bullying victimizations extend across a wide spectrum of the population and is not merely limited to adolescent experiences; researchers are striving to explore a number of overlapping social environments, including the workplace and social media where these types of victimizations also occur. Bullying victimizations represent a large class of victims that deserve the attention and efforts of researchers to minimize the effects of past abuse and help prevent future or continual abuse. The aggregate of bullying victimizations and its con sequences often leave victims misunderstood and untreated. The next

The Mean Score For Sales Managers - 1529 Words

While conducting this research, I found, â€Å"the mean score for sales managers was significantly higher than the corresponding mean score on six traits- Extraversion, Assertiveness, Image Management, Optimism, Customer Service, and Visionary Style- but significantly lower on five traits – Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness/Teamwork, Intrinsic Motivation, and Tough-Mindedness (Lounsbury 245).† Although I have not taken the VALS assessment on myself, I feel as though I know myself well enough to determine that I fit within what a sales manager’s traits are given . Through class group work, I have found out that I am not really good at working in groups. I tend to take charge and sometimes neglect the quiet people in the group. I also do not really have the patience when group members do not accomplish their fair share of the work. With this I am also showing that I am an extrovert, while also being assertive. I would also say I am an extrovert because I am not afraid to put myself out there. In my first year, I joined two different RSO’s and have a leadership position in one already. I got this by showing up, asking questions, and showing an interest in what they were trying to accomplish. With my work experience at The Dari, being a hostess and a waitress at Crandalls, a restaurant in Hebron, I have improved with customer service skills. I understand what will make the customers unhappy and also can figure out the necessary steps to get them to continue to comeShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Restaurant General Manager801 Words   |  4 PagesCore Role Profile Restaurant General Manager Overview The Restaurant General Manager (GM) is responsible for growing restaurant guest counts, sales profitably and for making sure the restaurant meets McDonald’s critical Guest standards of Quality, Service, and Cleanliness and role models best in class Guest Experience behaviours. 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Personalities behind the civil rights movement Free Essays

The Civil Rights Movement was primarily due to discrimination and racism against the African-Americans. It aimed at granting full civil and political rights and equality to all the Americans, regardless of race. This article looks into the earlier phase (1896-1954) of the many movements which constitute the Civil Rights Movements. We will write a custom essay sample on Personalities behind the civil rights movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Civil Rights Movement would be nothing without the contributions of brave men and women towards the achievement of equal rights. These personalities and leaders made it possible to end slavery, segregation and unfair treatment to the oppressed. Even some of these people were victims themselves who struggled for freedom and justice. These leaders include: Mary McLeod Bethune, John Brown, Linda Brown, Ruby Bridges, Frederick Douglass, Medgar Evers, Marcus Garvey, Jesse Jackson, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., Abraham Lincoln, Rosa Parks, Homer Plessy, Dred Scott, Sojourner Truth, Nat Turner, Harrit Tubman and Malcolm X. Every one of these leaders has his/her own story to tell, own act of selflessness in order to see the better of the country. Bethune was an African American who became an advisor of the late Franklin D. Roosevelt and created an all black school so that black children can study to have good jobs later on and vote wisely; Brown helped in preventing Kansas from being a slave state and helped slaves in escaping from their captors; Linda Brown became famous for fighting the Board of Education of Topeka to help give all black children a good education; Bridges helped in ending segregation in her school. Douglass, once a slave, helped children to read and write and fought for freedom through the speeches he gave; Evers also fought for equality for the blacks in Mississippi; Garvey started the Back to America Movement, meant to help blacks me treated right; Jackson, one of the greatest Civil Rights leader, was the second black American to run for presidency, which he believed was a key to getting more political power for the blacks; and Lincoln played a big role by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, which was a declaration of freedom for all slaves. These were just some of those who have great contributions during the Civil Rights Movement. Their primary goal, among others, was to see that every American has equal rights regardless of race or color. To do this, not just whites but blacks must be allowed to have education or to go to an all-whites school. This was important for the blacks because it is one ticket to a good job and future. Achieving this also shows equality in education between blacks and whites. The leaders also fought for the eradication of poverty among the blacks. During those times, their only purpose was being slaves to richer people in their own state. They have no right for freedom, for good jobs around the neighborhood, and for all the good things whites enjoy. The leaders have wanted economic independence for all. Another thing they saw worth fighting for was their right to vote. Many black persons were killed brutally just for encouraging blacks to vote. The whites see this as an insult to them because they think that the blacks have no business dealing with political activities. These leaders also wanted privileges be granted to blacks, especially when it comes to the places where blacks and whites are separated, such as the seating in the buses, bathrooms, housing and school. All these goals constitute social change. The leaders wanted to end the hardships that blacks shouldered everyday. They have also longed for freedom of speech. John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks can be considered great leaders during these times. Their contributions have made many changes in the way blacks were treated in different states. Kennedy was the only president to appoint blacks in different federal positions as a way to end racial discrimination. He issued the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to make way for equal treatments and rights. This act abolished the discrimination on buses. Whites and blacks alike can now sit wherever they want to. It abolished discrimination in housing. Before, blacks lived in the seedier parts of town. Only whites have the right to clean, better and richer areas. Kennedy’s Executive Order # 11063 ended this. The act also abolished discrimination in voting and education. King, on the other hand, also played an important role during the Civil Rights Movement. He believed in peaceful demonstrations and rallies, protests and marches to fight against Jim Crow Laws, which segregate blacks and whites. He wanted blacks to enjoy the same privileges as the whites such as voting. His leadership brought about changes and the Jim Crow was defeated. Blacks were able to enjoy the things that used to be denied them. Lastly, Parks became instrumental in sparking the Civil Rights Movement. She was arrested one night for refusing to give the seat to a white passenger in the bus. She was found guilty, and had to pay a fine. Although she lost the case, her arrest made way for the Montgomery Bus Boycott which lasted a year. Her lawyers then filed suit against the segregation, saying it was unconstitutional. This effort was not wasted when the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with Parks’ lawyers. The segregation on the buses was finally over. REFERENCE Payne, Charles M. (1995). I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. Berkeley: University of California Press. How to cite Personalities behind the civil rights movement, Essay examples

Erie Canal free essay sample

The difficulty in the transportation of goods from Old Northwest to the East Coast lead to the construction of the Erie canal which seemed impossible but is completed successfully and impacted America in many ways. The search for efficient routes through the Appalachian Mountains gives birth to the idea of the Erie Canal. During the earlier 1800’s farmland was becoming scarce on the East Coast. As a result many farmers traveled west over the Appalachian Mountains where there was plenty of rich farmland in the Old Northwest for them to cultivate (Benson, Brannen, and Valentine 515-519). People who settled in the Old Northwest faced the problem of transporting the goods East through the Appalachian Mountains. The only water way for transportation was the Mohawk River which still did not get travelers and goods entirely to the East Coast. This caused many to ship goods by land which was costly and time consuming (Sheriff 251-253). Benson, Brannen and Valentine describe the East’s interest and concern in constructing a route saying, â€Å"Eastern port cities, such as Baltimore, Maryland; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and New York City, competed vigorously to be the first to forge transportation links with the Old Northwest† (515-519). The mountains were a huge obstacle though making it almost impossible to build any sort of transportation such as roads, trains, or canals. Except in New York there was a passage low enough for the possibility of a water passage (Benson, Brannen, and Valentine 515-519). The problems of transportation and construction of an efficient route sparks the idea of building the Erie Canal. The Erie Canal project faced many obstacles to be completed and seemed like an impossible task yet goes very smoothly and is a success. The first obstacle was finding support for funding. Many people doubted the Erie Canal project would succeed because the canal would be significantly bigger than anything attempted before (Benson, Brannen, and Valentine 515-519). Sheriff describes peoples doubt saying, â€Å"the prospect of a 363-mile canal seemed hopelessly impractical to even some enlightened minds† (251-253). The largest canal in the United States at the time was 27 miles long and the Erie Canal being 363 miles long would be about thirteen times that. Even with peoples’ uncertainty New York’s governor, Dewitt Clinton, was able to obtain support for the project (Benson, Brannen, and Valentine 515-519). Construction was approved and began in 1817 and the canal was dug from Albany to Buffalo. The canal was to be dug 4 feet deep and 40 feet wide (A Brief History 2). Another obstacle was the fact that there were no civil engineers in the United States at the time, so four amateurs were put in charge of the construction instead. This obstacle is overcome though by the innovation of these four amateur engineers. Instead of the slow method of digging with shovels and using wheelbarrows, they had plows and scrapers pulled by animals to dig the canal. They also invented clever tools that could quickly clear trees with one man and have the stumps pulled out with only seven people. The workers consisted mostly of local farmers, mechanics, and a few Irish immigrants. Work went along smoothly no problems arose from the workers or from the engineering aspect of the building the canal. The construction of the canal was completed in October 1825 (Benson, Brannen, and Valentine 515-519). Though many doubted in the project and there were no professional engineers in charge, the construction of the canal was a success that has a great impact on America. The Erie Canal had many positive impacts that helped America but a few that caused problems. One of the largest positive impacts was on the economy. Once the canal was made all of the raw goods from the West went to New York and they sent back finished goods allowing their economy to flourish (Sheriff 251-253). The Erie Canal also greatly reduced cost of shipping to the East (Commentary on Erie 1). It used to cost 100 dollars to ship one ton to New York but after the canal it only cost 8 dollars a ton and was much faster than shipping on land. This cheaper cost also caused cities along the Erie Canal to grow tremendously in population and the economy along the canal to grow (Benson, Brannen, and Valentine 515-519). Erie Canal also inspired canal building across America further advancing the transportation of goods throughout America (Commentary on Erie 1). A negative effect of the canal was it increased the spread of deadly diseases like small pox and cholera affecting those along the canal and in New York. Also some religious people did not like the sale of alcohol on Sunday on boats in the canal (Benson, Brannen, and Valentine 515-519). The Erie Canal had huge affects on America boosting the economy, inspiring the construction of canals, and the spread of disease. In the endeavors of creating a better way to transport goods from Old Northwest to the East Coast the Erie Canal was built despite the obstacles it faced and ended up changing America. The Erie was built to assist trade between Old Northwest and the East Coast. The project was controversial whether or not it would work. It did work and it had a huge affect on America’s Northern economy and initiated the building of many other canals. The Erie Canal was very important without it America may have had even more economic trouble over time. Works Cited A Brief History of the Erie Canal. The Erie Canal Museum. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. lt;http://eriecanalmuseum. org/gt;. Benson, Sonia, Daniel E. Brannen, and Rebecca Valentine. Erie Canal. UXL Encyclopedia of U. S. History. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 15-519. Gale U. S. History In Context. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. lt;http://ic. galegroup. com/gt;. Commentary on Erie Canal at Lockport, New York. The Civil War. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 1999. American Journey. Gale U. S. History In Context. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. lt;http://ic. galegroup. com/gt;. Sheriff, Carol. Erie Canal. Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 2 003. 251-253. Gale U. S. History In Context. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. lt;http://ic. galegroup. com/gt;.

What is the Importance of Ethics When it Comes to Governance

Lance Armstrong Foundations Marketing Techniques and History

Lance Armstrong Foundations Marketing Techniques and History Tour de Cancer, Lance Armstrong FoundationMore than ten million cancer survivors in the United States today and 3 out of four families will help care for a family member with cancer (Road to Survivorship). Sales benefit the foundation, which Mr. Armstrong set up in 1997 when he was being treated for testicular cancer, which had spread to his lungs and his brain. Then a combination of physical conditioning, a strong support system and competitive spirit took over. He declared himself not a cancer victim but a cancer survivor. He took an active role in educating himself about his disease and the treatment (Aradillas). Armed with knowledge and confidence in medicine, he underwent aggressive treatment and beat the disease. During his treatment, before his recovery, before he even knew his own fate, he created the Lance Armstrong Foundation. This marked the beginning of Lance's life as an advocate for people living with cancer and a world representative for the cancer community (Lance Arm strong Foundation [LAF]).Armstrong Awarded Space Medal of HonorThe nonprofit organization chosen was the Lance Armstrong Foundation. The Lance Armstrong Foundation is a United States 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that provides support for people affected by cancer, founded in 1997 by cancer survivor and champion cyclist Lance Armstrong (LAF). The Lance Armstrong Foundation states that its mission is 'to inspire and empower' cancer sufferers and their families. The motto for the Lance Armstrong Foundation is "unity is strength, knowledge is power and attitude is everything". The Lance Armstrong Foundation also aims to provide helpful information and tools for cancer sufferers in addition to its work in the fields of support, public health and research. The organization is based in Austin, Texas (LAF).The Lance Armstrong Foundation‚s purpose is to fight cancer and pursue an agenda focused on prevention, access to screening and care, improvement of...

The Current Tools for Diplomacy and Peacekeeping Coursework

The Current Tools for Diplomacy and Peacekeeping - Coursework Example The focus has been on occasional operations involving peacemaking and humanitarian intervention instead of wars. In Africa, several peacekeeping bodies have been made such as African Union`s Peace and Security Council, working on conflict prevention and preventive diplomacy. Nearly half of the UN peacekeeping operations in Africa are in Sub-Saharan Africa, the objectives of which are to promote stability in several regions of Africa, to stop renewed violence in Congo and other such peacemaking objectives. The US presidential statement focused on dealing with the root causes of violence in Africa. It also focused on the importance of structural and operational strategies for peacemaking in the region. It has been observed that Africa has fully supported the efforts of the UN in the promotion of peace and stability in the country through these diplomatic tools. The dominant powers have co-operated by providing security in exchange for resource supplements. Several peacemaking missions have already been completed such as those in Somalia, Rwanda, Liberia etc and several others are in process. The  US has used mediation strategies such as those in Angola and Namibia agreements and other indirect mediation in Liberia etc. Equitable power balance has been promoted throughout Africa. Central state power has also been reduced to give more autonomy to political groups and parties. The Rwandan genocide was one of the most devastating massacres of the world. Nearly 800,000 people were killed without any reason. The killing of these 800,000 people went unchallenged by the global community as important decision makers ignored such a big massacre. The United Nations sent a group of peacemakers for what seemed to be a plain and straightforward mission.

The Importance Of Employee Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Importance Of Employee Resourcing - Essay Example Globalization has changed the style that businesses around the world adapt and the concept of employee resourcing is one fine example of this change that how organizations are using the concept of employee resourcing and getting the desired results. This ever-shifting business environment has also given the recruiter a complex challenge, that how the need of the human resources can be managed? How to meet current staffing needs and how to cater futuristic needs? The brunt of meeting these challenges will obviously fall on human resource departments or employee resourcing departments in large organizations and on managers in small organizations. The answer to this challenge is employee resourcing. Employee resourcing is a part of human resource management that ensures that the organization gets and holds the human resources needed and employs them effectively in getting optimum results. Employee resourcing can be considered an integral part because it deals with welcoming people in an organization and if they are not performing well or they are of no interest to the company then releasing them. Following are the main guidelines that are mostly followed by employee resourcing organization in order to hire or fire employees. These processes may vary from country to country and organization to organization. Human resource planning deals with the subject of getting the workforce to the organization as per their requirement and needs and to keep an eye on the need and demand of the organization in terms of human resources for the future (De Feis, 1987). Human resource planning practitioners anticipate and predicts future business environmental demands on an organization and provide the necessarily qualified  workers to fulfill the requirement of the organization and also coming up with the business needs and demands.

Growing up as a child in my family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Growing up as a child in my family - Essay Example I fell pregnant on five separate occasions but had a total of six children, all of whom were all girls. I gave birth for the first time in 1977 and had my last child in 1981. In conjunction with being a full-time mother, I also worked two jobs to help support my children. In 1989, a met a really nice guy who was to be my future husband. We have now been together for 22 years and are still in love with each other just as much as we were back then. In the year 2000, my husband and I decided to become foster parents. We have cared for over 32 kids since then and have gone on to adopt three of those kids, all of whom are girls. These girls were so adorable that we had no choice but to open our hearts and accept them. They are currently aged 11, 14, and 17 years old respectively. For the last 26 years I have been working as a C.M.A. All this time I have been trying to finish raising my girls. It is only now that I have realized that I need to go back to school in order to finish my high s chool diploma. I don’t have much to say about my childhood except I became a mother far too soon. I thank God every day for each of my three kids. I am part of a gospel group called God’s Chosen Generation, of which I am the group’s manager; my husband is in charge of the music. My two youngest daughters sing as part of the group along with my friend’s daughter too. Every Sunday we go to church and participate heavily in the church’s activities. This is the story of me â€Å"growing up as a

Institution Based View of Business Strategy | Case Study

Institution Based View of Business Strategy | Case Study An industry-based view, illustrated by Porter (1980), decides firm strategy and performance. Sustainable competitive advantages can be discovered by industry analysis and by selecting from the generic strategies. The competitive strength and the firms ability can maintain positional advantages through the efficient and effective implementation of competitive strategy. (Morgan et al, 2004) Secondly, a resource-based view (RBV), was demonstrated by Barney (1991), advocates that firm-specific differences determine strategy and performance. RBV emphases internal resources and capabilities of organisations (Peng et al, 2009). RBV portraits companies as idiosyncratic bundles of resources and capabilities that are available for distribution by the organizations business units. Heterogeneity in the resources and capabilities is the reason of variations in organization performance. Sustainable competitive advantage is not the result of correct position in the external environment but is derived from the organizations internal resources, which are valuable, inimitable, rare, and nonsubstitutable. Industry-based view and resource-based view are complementary because they settle the relationship between a organizations resources and capabilities and its positional advantage by arranging how resources and capabilities are coordinated with market situations, the suitability of planned resource and capability and the quality of strategy implementation. (Morgan et al, 2004) Emerging economies institutions are largely different from those in developed economies. Formal and informal institutions are commonly recognized as the rules of the game that importantly outline the strategy and performance of both domestic and foreign firms in these economies. (Peng et al, 2008). Institution is the humanly created constraints that structure human interaction (Peng et al,2009). It is regulative, normative, and cognitive structures and activities that provide meaningful and stable social behaviour (Scott,1995). Institutions can be generally classified as formal and informal. Institutions rule societal issues in the areas of politics (e.g., corruption, transparency), law (e.g., economic liberalization, regulatory regime), and society (e.g., ethical norms, attitudes toward entrepreneurship). The culture can be viewed as a part of informal institutions in the environment that support formal institutions (Redding, 2005). Formal institutions (such as laws and regulations) and informal institutions (such as norms and cognitions) have long been presumed as background. However, Institution-based view is important for better understand the growth of emerging economies by investigation the complicated and fast changing relationships between organizations and institutions. (Pang et al, 2008) Institution-based view help internationalizing emerging economies companies to improve their competitiveness, knowledge of the game rules of abroad. In short, the industry-based view does not pay sufficient attention to contexts. Likewise, the resource-based view has been criticized for its little exertion to establish suitable contexts (Priem Butler, 2001). Barney (2001, p. 52) admitted the value of a firms resources must be understood in the particular market context within which an organisation is running. The frustration has called for the new perspective that can conquer these problems. The result is the rise of the institution-based view (Peng et al., 2008). An institution-based view focuses on the dynamic relations of institutions and organizations, and considers strategic choices as the result of such an interaction (Peng et al,2009). Strategic choices are not only determined by industry situations and company capabilities, but also the formal and informal constraints of a particular institutional situation. (Jarzabkowski, 2008) Therefore, IB strategy cannot just focus on industry conditions and capabilities. An institution-based view, in combination with the industry- and resource-based views, thus puts the strategy tripod on firmer ground. Institutions are much more than background conditions and it determines the formulation and implementation of strategy and creation of competitive advantage. Emerging economies is tended to have more essential and integrated changes to the formal and informal rules of the game which are regarded as institutional transitions (Peng et al, 2009). There are two core propositions emerging out of the institution- based view to reduce uncertainty in emerging market (Peng et al, 2008). The first proposition is that managers and companies rationally hunt for what they interest and make strategic choices within the formal and informal institutional situation. The second one is while formal and informal institutions combine to rule the organisation behaviour, if formal constraints are ambiguous or failed, informal institution will play a larger role in reducing uncertainty by providing guidance and legitimacy. For example, the institution-based view suggests that if a firm cannot be a cost or a differentiation leader in the markets, it can still overcome the competitors in nonmarket political area where informal relationships has large influence. (O liver Holzinger, 2008) There are three important questions in strategy that institution-based view brings new views beyond the perspectives of the industry-based and resource-based views. (Peng et al, 2009) The first question is why do firms differ? A major assumption in strategy, especially from the resource-based view, is firm heterogeneity. (Barney, 1991) It is long recognized that economic growth can hardly happen in ill-regulated economies. However, given Chinas strong economic growth and its underdeveloped formal institutional structures, there is always a question that how can Chinese economy become fast growth with such an institutional situation. An answer suggests that interpersonal networks (known as guanxi) which are used by managers may serve as informal substitutes for formal institutional support (Peng Heath, 1996). In other words, interpersonal relationships among managers are considered as an interfirm strategy of networks and alliances to grow the company that support to the growth of the economy (Peng Luo, 2000). There is a prevalent belief that guanxi and the related network-based strategies are commodities of the unique Chinese culture that favours collectivism (Peng et al, 2009). The use of informal networks during institutional transitions is mentioned in the second proposition, which stresses the stronger dependence on informal constraints to handle potential opportunism and transactions when formal market-supporting institutions are immature. From the first proposition, managers and organizations act rationally under these circumstances. In institutional situations, industry-based and resource-based views alone will not provide a strong reason of the differences between firms (Khanna Yafeh, 2007). Overall, in situations that formal institutions are weak, informal institutions, such as norms ruling interpersonal relationships, will play a larger role in organisation strategies and performance (Peng Heath, 1996). It is important to note that foreign entrants have also positively facilitated their network and relationships when going global, as shown by the abundant international strategic alliances with local organizations (Peng et al, 2009). For example, the UK retailer Boots opened a new shop in Japan. Although the Japanese market has opened to foreign company in recent years, the regulation, cultural norms and arcane business practices are still difficult for foreign firms. By being successful in adapting its style of retailing to the Japanese market, Boots found the best way to overcome the barriers that all foreigners face by adopting the strategy tripod. (Financial Times, 2000) As mentioned, strategic choices are not only driven by industry situations and firm capabilities, but also the formal and informal constraints of a particular institutional framework. For example, the company has reformulated more than 2,000 of its products to gain a Japanese licence, despite they meet the UK and US standards. Also, Boots has redesigned the packaging of its products to meet the Japanese preference and culture. Institution-based view helps to understand the impact of institutional transition (Peng, 2003). For example, at the beginning, Boots was unable to bring many of its products to Japan due to its regulations. Yet, the situations changed and there are new regulations that ease restrictions on imports of ingredients used in cosmetics. This helped in the formulation process and logistics process of Boots. Besides, Boots has realised the special rule of the game in Japan. The buy two, get one free campaign were failed in Japan. It is because many of its customers are single or have small families and they do not need to buy a large amount of products. Furthermore, to solve the regulation, cultural norms and arcane difficulties, Boots has adopted the institution based strategy to gain local support. It therefore formed joint venture with Mitsubishi. It is a good solution for complicated government contacts because Boots is dealing with logistics, contacts in the legal profession, healthcare professionals and advice on localising the business are very important for Boots. Apart from the institution-based view, Boots has adopted another two legs of views to compete in the market such as the introduction of seating at its cosmetics counters and this is an usual arrangement in Japanese stores. Besides, it has changed the packaging of its products to meet the Japanese preference for lavish presentation and the concept of lipstick amnesties that customers return old lipstick and get a free replacement. Even though the industry-based view is important for gaining the economy of scale and competing the rivalries by competitive advantage, and resource-based view is important for identifying the firms potential key resources and product differentiation, but organizations like Boots still actively seek to make use of the rules of the game. In terms of benefits, an institution-based view can help firms like Boots in emerging economies improve their competitiveness. Boots is necessary to know more about the rules of the game abroad that may be different from the familiar rules at home. Therefore, it is natural to expect firms in emerging economies (including some foreign entrants) to perform similarly (Lewin Kim, 2004). The second question is how do firms behave? The industry-based view suggests that the strategic task is primarily to remove a position that is vulnerable according to the five forces within an industry. The resource-based view uses capabilities to differentiate successful firms from failing ones. The institution-based view adds by arguing that except industry- and firm-level conditions, organizations also need to consider the effect of formal and informal rules of the game. Most research on entry barriers has focused on market-based variables such as economies of scale and product differentiation, but not nonmarket-based, institutional variables such as antidumping laws which are clearly considered as entry barriers in IB. The industry-based view, based on Porters five forces, rarely consider questions behind such rivalry. In international trade, the hunt of a cost leadership strategy that neglects host country trading laws and regulations can simply cause legal action such as antidumping (Peng et al, 2009) Foreign firms are often discriminated by the formal rules of the game in many countries (Peng et al, 2009). Discrimination is also obvious in the case of antidumping. Overall, when industry- and resource-based views fail, there is a strong implication for domestic organizations under competitive pressures to use an institution-based view by filling an antidumping petition to organisations which are selling below cost and planning to raise prices after eliminating domestic organisations. (Schuler et al., 2002). The IB strategy , concerning foreign market entry, needs to keep an eye on antidumping as entry barriers and institution-based view pays large attention to the strategic topic of antidumping. Besides, grey markets are defined as legal importation of genuine products into a country by grey marketers as they buy products cheaper in countries and sell it in another at higher prices. The grey marketer has to be careful as grey market is not legal in every country as it is banned in EU as retailers cannot sell products without the consent of trademark owners. UK supermarket leader Tesco has lost its legal combat for the right to sell cut price Levis jeans in a case which has implications for trade mark owners and retailers operating in the grey market. Tesco bought jeans from wholesalers in the US and Canada where jeans are sold more cheaply. The jeans were sold in the UK at about half the price suggested by Levis. (BBC, 2002) In short, company should not just keep an eye on industry based view and resource based view only but institution-based view as doing business needs strong knowledge about the formal and informal rules governing competition in various countries. What determines the success and failure of firms around the globe is the third question. From the cases above, it is obvious that it is difficult to imagine firms that do not know the rules of the game in a particular country will become winners. In general, an institution-based view suggests that the success and failure of firms around the world, at least in part, are allowed and constrained by the different rules of the game (Peng et al., 2008) The institution-based view has added meaningfully new insights to three questions above. Overall, the institution based view complements the industry-based and resource-based views to collectively sustain a strategy tripod. Industry position, resource and capability, and institutions all affect organisation strategy and performance. The institution-based view suggests that foreign entrants need to develop a strong knowledge of the rules of the game, both formal and informal in host countries. The industry-based view suggests that the degree of competitiveness in an industry determines organisation performance. The resource-based view suggests that firm-specific capabilities determine performance differences. The institution-based view argues that institutional forces also provide an influence to differences in firm performance because of its significant effects on exporters strategy and performance beyond the impact of firm competencies and industry factors. An institution-based view of IB strategy in combination with industry and resource-based views do not only help su stain a strategy tripod, but also provide significant new perspectives of international business that what determines organizations strategy in IB and What determines the international success and failure of organizations.

Ezra Pounds In a Station of the Metro :: Ezra Pound Station of the Metro Essays

Ezra Pound's In a Station of the Metro Before this week, I had never read any poetry by Ezra Pound. I noticed immediately that many of the poems are very short. "In a Station of the Metro," for example, is two lines. In the essay "Imagism," the second rule of imagistes is said to be "to use absolutely no word that did not contribute to the presentation." I think this rule helps explain why some of Pound's poems are so short. Obeying the second rule of imagistes will be harder the longer the poem is. This rule, however, does not seem to me a rule of imagistes alone, but of most poets from all eras. I don't think many poets could be found who would say that they try to use superfluous words. Just because a poem is longer than a few lines doesn't mean the poet is being long-winded. I think the vast majority of poets would say that they only use necessary words in their poetry. Of course it could also be said that words that seem superfluous do actually "contribute to the presentation." I have a hard time with letting Pound c laim this rule as one of the imagistes only.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides it's length, "In a Station of the Metro" was a poem I read with interest because it is on the syllabus as one of the poems to read carefully. I thought it strange that I was supposed to pay attention to this poem. Truly, it initially struck me as the kind of poem that I tried to write in elementary school. Not that I ever wrote anything interesting, but the shortness of the poem and the pairing of two very different images was pretty much the basis of my poetry as a kid. I thought randomness made poems deep.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The title of this poem is very important as it places the reader in the metro station. While titles of poems and books are always important, this poem would be quite lost without it's title. The title lets us know that "the apparition of these faces in the crowd" takes place in the metro station, not the stadium or the shopping mall or any other crowded place. By placing the reader with the title, the poem lets the reader know that the first image of the poem, the "faces in the crowd," is something that belongs to the location of the speaker.